Microbial evaluation of the Fountains of Apollo and the al-houfra and study some and study some of the biodiversity of stagnant water in the city of Cyrene

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the microbial contamination and biological diversity of two historical fountains (Apollo and Al-Houfra) and stagnant water bodies in the ancient city of Cyrene, Libya. The microbial load, espe-cially the presence of Escherichia coli, was assessed as an indicator of fecal contamination. Additionally, the biodiversity of stagnant water was investi-gated, revealing dominance of diatomaceous algae and other aquatic organ-isms such as snails and duckweed (Lemna sp.). The findings highlight the environmental impact of anthropogenic activities on freshwater quality and the need for monitoring natural fountains to preserve their ecological and cultural value